Creating security images on the fly
At first, have a look at the following script that creates captcha image. Next, we will consider each step of image generation in details.
//Send a generated image to the browser
create_image();
exit();
function create_image()
{
//Let's generate a totally random string using md5
$md5 = md5(rand(0,999));
//We don't need a 32 character long string so we trim it down to 5
$pass = substr($md5, 10, 5);
//Set the image width and height
$width = 100;
$height = 20;
//Create the image resource
$image = ImageCreate($width, $height);
//We are making three colors, white, black and gray
$white = ImageColorAllocate($image, 255, 255, 255);
$black = ImageColorAllocate($image, 0, 0, 0);
$grey = ImageColorAllocate($image, 204, 204, 204);
//Make the background black
ImageFill($image, 0, 0, $black);
//Add randomly generated string in white to the image
ImageString($image, 3, 30, 3, $pass, $white);
//Throw in some lines to make it a little bit harder for any bots to break
ImageRectangle($image,0,0,$width-1,$height-1,$grey);
imageline($image, 0, $height/2, $width, $height/2, $grey);
imageline($image, $width/2, 0, $width/2, $height, $grey);
//Tell the browser what kind of file is come in
header("Content-Type: image/jpeg");
//Output the newly created image in jpeg format
ImageJpeg($image);
//Free up resources
ImageDestroy($image);
}
?>
To create a new image or edit an existing one, we need to create image identifier. In the preceding example we created an empty canvas by calling ImageCreate() function, passing it width and height of a new image as a parameters. Another way to do it is to read the existing image from the file. Depending on the file format you can do it using one of the following functions: ImageCreateFromPNG(), ImageCreateFromGIF(), ImageCreateFromJPEG(). Parameter of each function is a file name.
Then, we need to choose colors to be used while painting. For this we can use ImageColorAllocate() function and image identifiers for red, green, and blue (RGB) components of necessary color will be passed as parameters.
On the next step, we will generate our image. First, using ImageFill() function we will create black background. Parameters of this function are: image identifier, initial coordinates of the area to be filled and fill color. Then, we will use ImageString() function to add text to the image. Its parameters are – image identifier, font, coordinates for the first text position and text color. Finally, we will draw two lines and a rectangular to protect our image a little bit. Please note, that the final point of the rectangular has the following coordinates: $width-1 and $height-1. If they were equal to $width and $height, than the rectangular would have exceeded canvas frame.
When we had created the image, we can output it either to a browser, or to a file. Our example shows how to output it to the browser. We need to inform the browser, that we will output the image, not the text or html-code. To do it, call Header() function, setting image MIME-type. It’s worth mentioning that Header() function can not be executed if HTTP header has already been sent. After sending the header we can output our image using ImageJpeg() function, passing it image identifier as a parameter.
When we have finished working with the image we need to free up resources using ImageDestroy() function.
Building a bar chart
In the example below, using graphic functions we will build a bar chart based on the values stored in MySQL database. In our case, values represent poll results.
In this example we will use poll database. To create it run the following SQL script in your MySQL server:
CREATE DATABASE `poll`;
USE poll;
CREATE TABLE `results` (
book_type VARCHAR(50),
num_votes INT
);
INSERT INTO `results` values
('Classic', 15),
('Fantasy', 7),
('Humor', 32),
('Mystery', 12),
('Poetry', 25);
Script building a bar chart is quite long, so let's divide it into two parts and discuss them separately. The first part of the script connects to MySQL database and requests data that will be represented in the bar chart.
//Querying the database to get poll results
//connection to the database
$dbhandle = mysql_connect("localhost", "root", "")
or die("Unable to connect to MySQL");
//select a database to work with
$selected = mysql_select_db("poll",$dbhandle)
or die("Could not select examples");
//execute the SQL query and return records
$result = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM results");
$num_poller = mysql_num_rows($result);
$total_votes = 0;
//fetch the data from the database
while ($row = mysql_fetch_array($result)) {
$total_votes += $row{'num_votes'}; //calculating total number of votes
}
//nulling the pointer $result
mysql_data_seek($result,0);
//close the connection
mysql_close($dbhandle);
In the second part of the script first of all we will calculate variables needed to build the chart. Then, we prepare primary image and actually output data. Results for each genre are picked from the database one by one, percentage of votes is calculated, and then bars and explanatory notes are outputted.
In this script we are using TrueType fonts to get anti-aliased text. Functions that work with the TrueType fonts have its own peculiarities. First, you need to point where the fonts are located. For this, system variable GDFONTPATH is set. Then, we need to set the font name. TrueType fonts are rendered using ImageTTFText().
We have already discussed above all functions used for drawing, the code has been commented and is quite clear, so you shouldn’t have any trouble.
//Tell gd2, where your fonts reside
putenv('GDFONTPATH=C:\WINDOWS\Fonts');
$font = 'arial';
//Set starting point for drawing
$y = 50;
//Specify constant values
$width = 700; //Image width in pixels
$bar_height = 20; //Bars height
$height = $num_poller * $bar_height * 1.5 + 70; //Calculating image height
$bar_unit = ($width - 400) / 100; //Distance on the bar chart standing for 1 unit
//Create the image resource
$image = ImageCreate($width, $height);
//We are making four colors, white, black, blue and red
$white = ImageColorAllocate($image, 255, 255, 255);
$black = ImageColorAllocate($image, 0, 0, 0);
$red = ImageColorAllocate($image, 255, 0, 0);
$blue = imagecolorallocate($image,0,0,255);
//Create image background
ImageFill($image,$width,$height,$white);
//Draw background shape
ImageRectangle($image, 0, 0, $width-1, $height-1, $black);
//Output header
ImageTTFText($image, 16, 0, $width/3 + 50, $y - 20, $black, $font, 'Poll Results');
while ($row = mysql_fetch_object($result)) {
if ($total_votes > 0)
$percent = intval(round(($row->num_votes/$total_votes)*100));
else
$percent = 0;
//Output header for a particular value
ImageTTFText($image,12,0,10, $y+($bar_height/2), $black, $font, $row->book_type);
//Output percentage for a particular value
ImageTTFText($image, 12, 0, 170, $y + ($bar_height/2),$red,$font,$percent.'%');
$bar_length = $percent * $bar_unit;
//Draw a shape that corresponds to 100%
ImageRectangle($image, $bar_length+221, $y-2, (220+(100*$bar_unit)), $y+$bar_height, $black);
//Output a bar for a particular value
ImageFilledRectangle($image,220,$y-2,220+$bar_length, $y+$bar_height, $blue);
//Output the number of votes
ImageTTFText($image, 12, 0, 250+100*$bar_unit, $y+($bar_height/2), $black, $font, $row->num_votes.' votes cast.');
//Going down to the next bar
$y = $y + ($bar_height * 1.5);
}
//Tell the browser what kind of file is come in
header("Content-Type: image/jpeg");
//Output the newly created image in jpeg format
ImageJpeg($image);
//Free up resources
ImageDestroy($image);
?>
Using dynamically generated images on the other pages
Since the header can be sent only once and it is the only way to tell the browser that you are going to send image, it is not so easy to insert automatically generated images to the regular pages. There are three ways to do it:
* The whole page can consist of the image.
* You can save image in the file and then refer to it using
* You can put a script producing image in HTML descriptor, e.g.:
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